[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":759},["ShallowReactive",2],{"/en-us/blog/upgrading-database-os":3,"navigation-en-us":36,"banner-en-us":464,"footer-en-us":481,"David Smith":725,"next-steps-en-us":738,"footer-source-/en-us/blog/upgrading-database-os/":753},{"_path":4,"_dir":5,"_draft":6,"_partial":6,"_locale":7,"seo":8,"content":16,"config":26,"_id":29,"_type":30,"title":31,"_source":32,"_file":33,"_stem":34,"_extension":35},"/en-us/blog/upgrading-database-os","blog",false,"",{"title":9,"description":10,"ogTitle":9,"ogDescription":10,"noIndex":6,"ogImage":11,"ogUrl":12,"ogSiteName":13,"ogType":14,"canonicalUrls":12,"schema":15},"We are upgrading the operating system on our Postgres database clusters","Learn when these upgrades will happen and how they will help boost performance and reliability on GitLab.com.","https://res.cloudinary.com/about-gitlab-com/image/upload/v1749669673/Blog/Hero%20Images/engineering.png","https://about.gitlab.com/blog/upgrading-database-os","https://about.gitlab.com","article","\n                        {\n        \"@context\": \"https://schema.org\",\n        \"@type\": \"Article\",\n        \"headline\": \"We are upgrading the operating system on our Postgres database clusters\",\n        \"author\": [{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"name\":\"David Smith\"}],\n        \"datePublished\": \"2022-08-12\",\n      }",{"title":9,"description":10,"authors":17,"heroImage":11,"date":19,"body":20,"category":21,"tags":22},[18],"David Smith","2022-08-12","Continuing on the theme of [improving the performance and reliability of\nGitLab.com](/blog/path-to-decomposing-gitlab-database-part1/), we\nhave another step we will be taking for our clusters of Postgres database\nnodes. These nodes have been running on Ubuntu 16.04 with extended security\nmaintenance patches and it is now time to get them to a more current\nversion. Usually, this kind of upgrade is a behind-the-scenes event, but\nthere is an underlying technicality that will require us to take a\nmaintenance window to do the upgrade (more on that [below](#the-challenge)).\n\n\nWe have been preparing for and [practicing this\nupgrade](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-com/gl-infra/production/-/issues/7577)\nand are now ready to schedule the window to do this work for GitLab.com.\n\n\n## When will the OS upgrade take place and what does this mean for users of\nGitLab.com?\n\n\nThis change is planned to take place on 2022-09-03 (Saturday) between 11:00\nUTC and 14:00 UTC. The implementation of this change is anticipated to\ninclude a **service downtime of up to 180 minutes** (see [reference\nissue](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-com/gl-infra/production/-/issues/7543)).\nDuring this time you will experience complete service disruption of\nGitLab.com.\n\n\nWe are taking downtime to ensure that the application works as expected\nfollowing the OS upgrade and to minimize the risk of any data integrity\nissues.\n\n\n> Join us at [GitLab Commit 2022](/events/) and connect with the\nideas, technologies, and people that are driving DevOps and digital\ntransformation.\n\n\n## Background\n\n\nGitLab.com's [database\narchitecture](https://handbook.gitlab.com/handbook/engineering/infrastructure/production/architecture/#database-architecture)\nuses two Patroni/Postgres database clusters: main and CI. We recently did\nfunctional decomposition and now the CI Cluster stores the data generated by\nCI GitLab features. Each Patroni cluster has primary and multiple read-only\nreplicas. For each of the Patroni clusters, the Postgres database size is\n~18 TB running on Ubuntu 16.04. During the scheduled change window, we will\nbe switching over to our newly built Ubuntu 20.04 clusters.\n\n\n## The challenge\n\n\nUbuntu 18.10 introduced an updated version of glibc (2.28), which includes a\n[major update to locale\ndata](https://wiki.postgresql.org/wiki/Locale_data_changes) and causes\nPostgres indexes created with earlier versions of glibc to be corrupted.\nBecause we are upgrading to Ubuntu 20.04, our indexes are affected by this.\nTherefore, during the downtime window scheduled for this work, we need to\ndetect potentially corrupt indexes and have them reindexed before we enable\nproduction traffic again. We currently have the following types and the\napproximate number of indexes:\n\n\n```\n Index Type | # of Indexes\n------------+--------------\n btree      |         4079\n gin        |          101\n gist       |            3\n hash       |            1\n```\n\n\nAs you can appreciate, given the sheer number (and size) of these indexes,\nit would take far too long to reindex every single index during the\nscheduled downtime window, so we need to streamline the process.\n\n\n## Options to upgrade to Ubuntu 20.04 safely\n\n\nThere are a number of ways to deal with the problem of potentially corrupt\nindexes:\n\n\na. Reindex **all** indexes during the scheduled downtime window\n\n\nb. Transport data to target 20.04 clusters in a logical (not binary) way,\nincluding:\n\n  - Backups/upgrades using pg_dump\n  - Logical replication\n\nc. Use streaming replication from 16.04 to 20.04 and during the downtime\nwindow, break replication and promote the 20.04 clusters followed by\nreindexing of potentially corrupt indexes\n\n\nIt might be feasible for a small to a medium-size Postgres implementation to\nuse options a or b; however, at the GitLab.com scale, it would require a\nmuch larger downtime window and our aim is to reduce the impact to our\ncustomers as much as possible.\n\n\n## High-level approach for the OS upgrade\n\n\nTo perform an OS upgrade on our Patroni clusters, we use Postgres streaming\nreplication to replicate data from our current Ubuntu 16.04 clusters to the\nbrand new Ubuntu 20.04 standby Patroni clusters. During the scheduled\ndowntime window, we will stop all traffic to the current 16.04 clusters,\npromote the 20.04 clusters by making them Primary and demote the Ubuntu\n16.04 clusters by reconfiguring to act as Standby while replicating from the\nnew 20.04 primaries. We will then reindex all the identified potentially\ncorrupt indexes, and update DNS to point the application to the new 20.04\nPatroni clusters before opening traffic to the public.\n\n\n## Identifying potentially corrupt indexes and our approach to handling the\nreindexing for different types of indexes\n\n\n### B-Tree\n\n\nWe use `bt_index_parent_check` [amcheck\nfunction](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/12/amcheck.html) to identify\npotentially corrupt indexes and we will reindex them during the downtime\nwindow.\n\n\n### GiST and Hash\n\n\nSince we do not have many GiST and Hash indexes, and reindexing them is a\nrelatively quick operation, we will reindex them all during the downtime\nwindow.\n\n\n### GIN\n\n\nCurrently, the production version of amcheck is limited to detecting\npotential corruption in B-Tree indexes only. Our GIN indexes are reasonably\nsized and it would require a significant amount of time to reindex them\nduring the scheduled downtime window, which is not feasible as we cannot\nhave the site unavailable to our customers for that long. We have\ncollaborated closely with our database team to produce a list of\nbusiness-critical GIN indexes to be reindexed **during** the downtime\nwindow, and any other GIN indexes will be reindexed immediately after we\nopen up traffic to the public using the\n[CONCURRENTLY](https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-reindex.html#SQL-REINDEX-CONCURRENTLY)\noption. Using this option means it will take longer to reindex, but it\nallows normal operations to continue while the indexes are being rebuilt.\n\n\n## Performance improvements\n\n\nWe started looking into options to improve the performance of the reindexing\n(see [reference\nissue](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-com/gl-infra/reliability/-/issues/15559#note_940517257)).\nThere are a couple of areas where we needed to improve performance.\n\n\n### Identify potentially corrupt B-Tree indexes quickly\n\n\nWhen we first started using the amcheck to identify potentially corrupt\nindexes, it was single threaded so it was taking just under five days to run\nthe amcheck script to identify potentially corrupt indexes on production\ndata. After a few iterations, our amcheck script now runs a separate\nbackground worker process for each index, so we essentially get a\nperformance improvement of about 96 times when we use a 96 CPU core VM to\nrun amcheck. The performance is limited by the time it takes to run amcheck\non the largest index. The script is customizable to skip or include a\nspecific set of tables/indexes, and we can decide the number of parallel\nworker processes to use based on the number of CPU cores available on the VM\nwe use to run amcheck. Now with the improved speed, we can run the amcheck\nscript on a copy of production data a day or two before the scheduled OS\nupgrade downtime window.\n\n\n### Improve reindexing speed to reduce the downtime\n\n\nOur initial test to reindex was performed sequentially with the default\nPostgres parameters. We have tested reindexing with different Postgres\nparameters and parallelized the reindex process. We are now able to perform\nour reindexing in less than half the time it used to take to reindex.\n\n\n## Reading material\n\n\nFor more information, please see the following links:\n\n\n- [Ubuntu 20.04 Upgrade\nEpic](https://gitlab.com/groups/gitlab-com/gl-infra/-/epics/637)\n\n- [Research on the types of indexes and steps to identify\ncorruption](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-com/gl-infra/reliability/-/issues/15384#note_867281334)\n","engineering",[23,24,25],"news","performance","DevOps",{"slug":27,"featured":6,"template":28},"upgrading-database-os","BlogPost","content:en-us:blog:upgrading-database-os.yml","yaml","Upgrading Database 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