[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":757},["ShallowReactive",2],{"/en-us/blog/reducing-pager-fatigue-and-improving-on-call-life":3,"navigation-en-us":34,"banner-en-us":462,"footer-en-us":479,"Steve Azzopardi":724,"next-steps-en-us":736,"footer-source-/en-us/blog/reducing-pager-fatigue-and-improving-on-call-life/":751},{"_path":4,"_dir":5,"_draft":6,"_partial":6,"_locale":7,"seo":8,"content":16,"config":24,"_id":27,"_type":28,"title":29,"_source":30,"_file":31,"_stem":32,"_extension":33},"/en-us/blog/reducing-pager-fatigue-and-improving-on-call-life","blog",false,"",{"title":9,"description":10,"ogTitle":9,"ogDescription":10,"noIndex":6,"ogImage":11,"ogUrl":12,"ogSiteName":13,"ogType":14,"canonicalUrls":12,"schema":15},"How we improved on-call life by reducing pager noise","Too many pages? Here's how we tackled on-call SRE quality of life by grouping alerts by service and only paging on downstream services.","https://res.cloudinary.com/about-gitlab-com/image/upload/v1749682368/Blog/Hero%20Images/cover.png","https://about.gitlab.com/blog/reducing-pager-fatigue-and-improving-on-call-life","https://about.gitlab.com","article","\n                        {\n        \"@context\": \"https://schema.org\",\n        \"@type\": \"Article\",\n        \"headline\": \"How we improved on-call life by reducing pager noise\",\n        \"author\": [{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"name\":\"Steve Azzopardi\"}],\n        \"datePublished\": \"2022-07-19\",\n      }",{"title":9,"description":10,"authors":17,"heroImage":11,"date":19,"body":20,"category":21,"tags":22},[18],"Steve Azzopardi","2022-07-19","To monitor the health of GitLab.com we use multiple\n\n[SLIs](https://sre.google/workbook/implementing-slos/#what-to-measure-using-slis)\n\nfor each service. We then page the on-call when one of these SLIs is not\n\nmeeting our internal [SLOs and burning through the error\n\nbudget](https://sre.google/workbook/implementing-slos/#decision-making-using-slos-and-error-budgets)\n\nwith the hopes of fixing the problem before too many of our users even\nnotice.\n\n\nAll of our services SLIs and SLOs are defined using\n[jsonnet](https://jsonnet.org/) in\n\nwhat we call the\n[metrics-catalog](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-com/runbooks/-/tree/168397dee0ad955bfb473fd0ddb9146667eeaa13/metrics-catalog)\n\nwhere we specify a service and its SLIs/SLOs. For example, the\n[`web-pages`](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-com/runbooks/-/blob/168397dee0ad955bfb473fd0ddb9146667eeaa13/metrics-catalog/services/web-pages.jsonnet)\n\nservice has [an apdex SLO of\n99.5%](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-com/runbooks/-/blob/168397dee0ad955bfb473fd0ddb9146667eeaa13/metrics-catalog/services/web-pages.jsonnet#L22)\n\nand multiple SLIs such as\n[loadbalancer](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-com/runbooks/-/blob/168397dee0ad955bfb473fd0ddb9146667eeaa13/metrics-catalog/services/web-pages.jsonnet#L60),\n\n[go\nserver](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-com/runbooks/-/blob/168397dee0ad955bfb473fd0ddb9146667eeaa13/metrics-catalog/services/web-pages.jsonnet#L80),\n\nand [time to write HTTP\nheaders](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-com/runbooks/-/blob/168397dee0ad955bfb473fd0ddb9146667eeaa13/metrics-catalog/services/web-pages.jsonnet#L113).\n\nHaving these in code we can automatically generate Prometheus [recording\nrules](https://prometheus.io/docs/prometheus/latest/configuration/recording_rules/)\n\nand [alerting\nrules](https://prometheus.io/docs/prometheus/latest/configuration/alerting_rules/)\n\nfollowing [multiple burn rate\nalerts](https://sre.google/workbook/alerting-on-slos/#5-multiple-burn-rate-alerts).\n\nEvery time we start burning through our 30-day error budget for an SLI too\nfast\n\nwe page the SRE on-call to investigate and solve the problem.\n\n\nThis setup has been working well for us for over two years now, but one big\n\npain point remained when there was a service-wide degradation. The SRE\non-call\n\nwas getting paged **for every SLI** associated with a service or its\n\ndownstream dependencies, meaning they can get up to 10 pages per service\nsince\n\nthe service has 3-5 SLIs on average and we also have regional and canary\nSLIs.\n\nThis gets very distracting, it's stress-inducing, and it also doesn't let\nthe\n\non-call focus on solving the problem but just acknowledges pages. For\nexample\n\nbelow we can see the on-call getting paged 11 times in 5 minutes for the\nsame\n\nservice.\n\n\n![web-pages alert\nstorm](https://about.gitlab.com/images/blogimages/reducing-pager-fatigue/web-pages-alert-storm.png){:\n.shadow}\n\n\nWhat is even worse is when we have a site-wide outage, where the on-call can\n\nend up getting 50+ pages because all services are in a degraded state.\n\n\n![site wide outage alert\nstorm](https://about.gitlab.com/images/blogimages/reducing-pager-fatigue/site-wide-outage-alert-storm.png)\n\n\nIt was a big problem for the quality of life for the on-call and we needed\nto\n\nfix this. We started doing some research on how to best solve this problem\nand\n\nopened an issue to [document all possible\n\nsolutions](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-com/gl-infra/reliability/-/issues/15721).\n\nAfter some time we decided to go with grouping alerts by service and\n\nintroducing service dependencies for alerting/paging.\n\n\n## Group alerts by service\n\n\nThe smallest and most effective iteration was to group the alerts by the\n\nservice. Taking the previous example where the `web-pages` service paged the\n\non-call 11 times, it should have only paged the on-call once, and shown\n\nwhich SLIs were affected. We use\n[Alertmanager](https://prometheus.io/docs/alerting/latest/alertmanager/) for\n\nall our alerting logic, and this already had a feature called\n\n[grouping](https://prometheus.io/docs/alerting/latest/alertmanager/#grouping)\n\nso we could group alerts by labels.\n\n\nThis is what an alert looks like in our Prometheus setup:\n\n```\n\nALERTS{aggregation=\"regional_component\", alert_class=\"slo_violation\",\nalert_type=\"symptom\",\nalertname=\"WebPagesServiceServerApdexSLOViolationRegional\",\nalertstate=\"firing\", component=\"server\", env=\"gprd\", environment=\"gprd\",\nfeature_category=\"pages\", monitor=\"global\", pager=\"pagerduty\",\nregion=\"us-east1-d\", rules_domain=\"general\", severity=\"s2\",\nsli_type=\"apdex\", slo_alert=\"yes\", stage=\"main\", tier=\"sv\",\ntype=\"web-pages\", user_impacting=\"yes\", window=\"1h\"}\n\n```\n\n\nAll alerts have the `type` label attached to them to specify which service\nthey\n\nbelong to. We can use this label and the `env` label to group all the\n\nproduction alerts that are firing for the `web-pages` service.\n\n\n![grouping alerts by the `type` and `env`\nlabels](https://about.gitlab.com/images/blogimages/reducing-pager-fatigue/group-alerts-by-service.png)\n\n\nWe also had to update our Pagerduty and Slack templates to show the right\n\ninformation. Before we only showed the alert title and description but this\nhad\n\nto change since we are now alerting by service rather than by 1 specific\nSLO.\n\nYou can see the changes at\n[runbooks!4684](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-com/runbooks/-/merge_requests/4684).\n\n\n![Before and after on\npages](https://about.gitlab.com/images/blogimages/reducing-pager-fatigue/before-after-slack-alerts.png)\n\n\nThis was already a big win! The on-call now gets a page saying \"service\n\nweb-pages\" and then the list of SLIs that are burning through the error\nbudget - we went from 11 pages to 1 page!\n\n\n## Service Dependencies\n\n\nHowever we still had the problem that when a downstream service (such as the\ndatabase)\n\nstarts burning through the error budget, it has a cascading effect where \n`web`,\n\n`git`, and `api` will also start burning through the error budget and page\nthe\n\non-call for each service. That was the next thing that we had to solve.\n\n\nWe needed some way to not alert on the `api` service if the `patroni`\n\n(database) service was burning through the error budget because it's clear\nif the\n\ndatabase is degraded the `api` service will end up degraded as well. We used\n\nanother feature of Alertmanager called\n\n[inhibition](https://prometheus.io/docs/alerting/latest/alertmanager/#inhibition)\n\nwhere we can tell Alertmanager to not alert on `api` if some alerts on\n`patroni`\n\nare already firing.\n\n\n![visualization of how inhibit rules\nwork](https://about.gitlab.com/images/blogimages/reducing-pager-fatigue/inhibit-alerts.png)\n\n\nI've mentioned that all of our SLIs/SLOs are inside of the\n\n[metrics-catalog](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-com/runbooks/-/tree/168397dee0ad955bfb473fd0ddb9146667eeaa13/metrics-catalog)\n\nso it was a natural fit to add dependencies there, and this is exactly what\n\nwe did in\n[runbooks!4710](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-com/runbooks/-/merge_requests/4710).\nWith this\n\nwe can specify that an SLI depends on another SLI of a different service\nwhich\n\nwill automatically create\n\n[`inhibit_rules`](https://prometheus.io/docs/alerting/latest/configuration/#inhibit_rule)\n\nfor Alertmanager.\n\n\nSince inhibit rules could potentially prevent alerting someone, we've used\n\nthese sparingly. To avoid creating inhibit rules too broadly, we've\nimplemented\n\nthe following restrictions:\n\n1. An SLI can't depend on an SLI of the same service.\n\n1. The SLI has to exist for that service.\n\n1. We only allow equal operations, no regex on SLIs.\n\n\nAfter that it was only a matter of adding the `dependsOn` on each service\nfor example:\n\n1. [`web` depends on\n`patroni`](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-com/runbooks/-/merge_requests/4735)\n\n1. [`api` depends on\n`patroni`](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-com/runbooks/-/merge_requests/4750)\n\n1. [`web-pages` depends on\n`api`](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-com/runbooks/-/merge_requests/4813)\n\n\nThe `web-pages` inhibit rule shows a chain of dependencies from `web-pages\n->\n\napi -> patroni`, so if `patroni` is burning through the error budget it will\n\nnot page for `api` and `web-pages` services anymore!\n\n\n## How it's working\n\n\nWe have been using alert grouping and service dependencies for over a month\nnow, and we have already seen some improvements:\n\n\n1. The on-call only gets paged once per service.\n\n1. When there is a large site-wide outage they only get paged 5-10 times\nsince we have external probes that also alert us.\n\n1. There is an overall downward trend on pages for the on-call as seen\nbelow.\n\n\n![pages\ntrend](https://about.gitlab.com/images/blogimages/reducing-pager-fatigue/pages-trend.png)\n\n\nCover image by [Yaoqi](https://unsplash.com/@yaoqiqiqilai) on\n[Unsplash](https://unsplash.com/photos/7iatBuqFvY0)\n\n{: .note}\n","engineering",[23],"production",{"slug":25,"featured":6,"template":26},"reducing-pager-fatigue-and-improving-on-call-life","BlogPost","content:en-us:blog:reducing-pager-fatigue-and-improving-on-call-life.yml","yaml","Reducing Pager Fatigue And Improving On Call 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